{"id":277,"date":"2025-07-20T19:17:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-20T17:17:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/?page_id=277"},"modified":"2025-07-21T10:46:45","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T08:46:45","slug":"the-global-architecture-of-planetary-systems","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/","title":{"rendered":"The Global Architecture of Planetary Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">GAPS&nbsp;is an Italian project that investigates several open issues in the field of exoplanetary science by making use of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tng.iac.es\/instruments\/harps\/\">HARPS-N<\/a>&nbsp;open time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"alignnormal\"><div id=\"metaslider-id-246\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-100-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-246 ml-slider ms-theme-default-base has-dots-nav\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"GAPS meetings\" data-height=\"3024\" data-width=\"4032\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_246\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_246\">\n            <ul class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-404 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2026-06-13 12:42:07\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indico.ict.inaf.it\/event\/3448\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/IMG_8427-2.heic\" height=\"3024\" width=\"4032\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-246 slide-404 msDefaultImage\" title=\"24Gaps_meeting_Roma\" \/><\/a><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>24th GAPS Progress Meeting \u2013 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Roma)<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-325 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-11-14 19:25:52\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indico.ict.inaf.it\/event\/3334\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_0149-1-2025x1519.jpeg\" height=\"3024\" width=\"4032\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-246 slide-325 msDefaultImage\" title=\"23gaps-catania\" \/><\/a><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>23rd GAPS Progress Meeting \u2013 INAF Catania Astrophysical Observatory<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-248 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-07-08 12:32:40\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indico.ict.inaf.it\/event\/3193\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_4393.jpg\" height=\"3024\" width=\"4032\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-246 slide-248 msDefaultImage\" title=\"IMG_4393\" \/><\/a><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>22nd GAPS Progress Meeting \u2013 Hotel Federico II Central Palace (Palermo)<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-249 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-07-08 12:34:50\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indico.ict.inaf.it\/event\/3006\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/21gapsmeetingbrera-1.jpg.webp\" height=\"3024\" width=\"4032\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-246 slide-249 msDefaultImage\" title=\"21gapsmeetingbrera-1.jpg\" \/><\/a><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>21st GAPS Progress Meeting \u2013 Brera Astronomical Observatory (Milan)<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-273 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-07-08 17:03:36\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indico.ict.inaf.it\/event\/2760\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gaps-20th-2-2276x1707.jpg\" height=\"3024\" width=\"4032\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-246 slide-273 msDefaultImage\" title=\"gaps-20th-2\" \/><\/a><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>20th GAPS Progress Meeting \u2013 Osservatorio Astronomico and the Dipartimento di Astronomia of Padova<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-base-2-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-73128380 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-vertical is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0009407c wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default\">The project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-4f2ccadb\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-831b2db5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">GAPS&nbsp;is a long-term program for the comprehensive characterization of the architectural properties of planetary systems as a function of the hosts\u2019 characteristics (mass, metallicity, environment).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">The goal of the project is to take advantage of the unique capabilities of the instrumentation at the TNG to study the origin of the diversity of planetary systems, shaped by variable degrees of orbital evolution, exploring uncharted territories in the realm of planet formation and evolution with emphasis on the innermost regions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">The GAPS collaboration was set up at the end of 2011 in response to a solicitation formulated by the INAF Science Directorate to optimise the science return to the community of the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tng.iac.es\/instruments\/harps\/\">HARPS-N @TNG<\/a>&nbsp;open time. Several observing programs were carryed out since then, also in combination with the NIR spectrograph <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tng.iac.es\/instruments\/giano-b\/\">GIANO-B@TNG<\/a> (GIARPS configuration), that GAPS members contributed to design, test, and optimize.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-vertical is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-82b67714 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-asterisk\">Timeline<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-4f2ccadb\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>From Oct 2023 &#8211; up to date<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-38cd910e\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-e39da43a wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-831b2db5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Due to a change in the agreement between INAF and the HARPS-N Collaboration for the maintenance of HARPS-N at the TNG, &nbsp;starting from October 2023 (AOT48) the allocation of TNG time includes 75 nights per semester dedicated to exoplanet research programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Following this, GAPS has entered a new phase, characterized by three long-term programs: BRIDGES (Building a Road to the In-Depth Investigation of Exoplanetary Atmospheres, 9 nights per semester), ArMS (\u201cAriel Masses Survey\u201d, for the mass determination of small planets amenable for atmospheric characterization with the ESA \u2013 Ariel Mission, 10.5 nights per semester), and GFU (The Great HARPS-N hunt for super-Earths and Neptunes interior to outer giant planets detected by Gaia, 13 nights per semester). These programs are formally separate but maintain a scientific coordination similar to previous years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, a series of short-term programs (up to 10 nights per semester), led by Early Career Researchers of the Collaboration, enriches and diversifies the scientific cases of GAPS.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-4f2ccadb\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>From Apr 2017 &#8211; Sep 2023<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-38cd910e\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-e39da43a wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-831b2db5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Starting from AOT35, thanks to the availability of GIARPS@TNG, the GAPS program has been upgraded to study the origin of the diversity of planetary systems, including early stages of planetary formation and evolution. In order to reach this ambitious objective we have identified a series of key phenomena that produce observable tracers of a) the environmental conditions at the formation time, b) the variable degrees of its subsequent dynamical evolution, and c) the role played by the properties of the central stars. Such diagnostic tracers can be measured directly and homogeneously now with GIARPS, exploiting its unique O\/IR spectroscopic capabilities on well-defined target samples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">After a demonstration phase performed during AOT36, a 5-years Long Program (GAPS2) addressing these objectives has started in AOT37 (April 2018) at TNG. Further 34 nights have been allocated for the semester April-September 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Ancillary Guest Observer programs with similar science goals are also carried out with HARPS@ESO 3.6m, including TESS candidates in the austral emisphere. Follow-up of TESS alerts in the boreal emisphere will be carried out at TNG starting with the AOT40 period (Oct 2019). In 2019, expressions of interest have been presented also for the future exploitation of PEPSI@LBT and SOXS@ESO-NTT.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-4f2ccadb\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>From Aug 2012 &#8211; Mar 2017<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-38cd910e\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-e39da43a wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-831b2db5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">The scientific goal of GAPS till AOT 34 (March 2017) was understanding the architectures of planetary systems and their properties. The adopted strategy was manifold including an ambitious program to search for new planets (discovery surveys) around stars with well-defined characteristics and a program aimed to investigate the diversity of structures in known planetary systems, exploiting the outstanding capability of HARPS-N to detect and characterize telluric planets around main-sequence stars. The two approaches were complementary and both relevant to attack in a comprehensive way the question of the \u201cGlobal Architecture of Planetary Systems\u201d. GAPS was therefore a balanced combination of discovery and characterization observations. Not surprisingly, immediate results were more promptly achieved by the second ones, while new discoveries and very good candidates were announced later on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">In July 2014, a collaboration agreement was signed between the GAPS Consortium and the EXOTEAM Spanish Consortium (Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Espai de Catalunya, ICE, and Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias, IAC), for a scientific coordination and optimization of observing time at the TNG, and subsequent data exploitation (HADES project).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-4f2ccadb\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Nov 2011<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-38cd910e\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Science ideas have been initially presented at the \u201cExoplanetary Science with HARPS-N\u201d meeting held in Padova in November 2011, to build a national project aiming to afford the theme of \u201cGlobal Architecture of Planetary Systems\u201d (GAPS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-4f2ccadb\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a88641f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a88641f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-d525a65d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-da384c3e wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-asterisk\">Status of publications and observing programs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To date, the scientific production of the GAPS project amounts to 67 refereed papers, 3 submitted to refereed journals, and many others in preparation. The search of planets orbiting M dwarfs has been carried out in the framework of the HADES project, a collaborative effort between the GAPS Consortium, the Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Espai de Catalunya (ICE), and the Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>34 nights for 10 semesters assigned starting AOT 37&nbsp; (Apr 2018)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>28 nights assigned for AOT36 (Oct 2017-Mar 2018)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>34 nights times 11 semesters since March 2018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1f7c8441 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-90edb088 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:224px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5ef3efcf wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default\"><strong>For an overview of GAPS results please visit our&nbsp;gallery of GAPS papers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/?page_id=28\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"28\">View papers<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a88641f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a88641f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preparing the future<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The team includes many young scientists in their early career, as well as PhD students. Up to date 24 PhD projects have been completed and 6 are in progress.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/?page_id=293\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"293\"><strong>More on PhD Projects<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>GAPS&nbsp;is an Italian project that investigates several open issues in the field of exoplanetary science by making use of&nbsp;HARPS-N&nbsp;open time. The project GAPS&nbsp;is a long-term program for the comprehensive characterization [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-277","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=277"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/277\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":323,"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/277\/revisions\/323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gaps.inaf.it\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}